Laura Ruiz
Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, España
Isabel Menéndez
Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
ABSTRACT
Early identification of melanoma is vital, mainly for high-risk entities such as those with fair skin, a large number of nevi, a family history of melanoma, or a history of prolonged sun exposure. The use of histopathological methods to examine skin tissue samples for malignant alterations is crucial in diagnosing melanoma. The primary procedures used in the early diagnosis of melanoma are described in this publication. These methods include punch, shave, incisional, and excisional biopsies and basic cellular examination using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The functions of advanced immunohistochemical markers in detecting atypical melanocytes and determining tumour aggressiveness are emphasized. These markers include S-100, HMB-45, Melan-A, and Ki-67. Furthermore, the use of molecular methods such as comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH), next-generation sequencing (NGS), and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) in identifying chromosomal and genetic abnormalities typical of melanoma is examined. In summary, early identification of melanoma is essential for enhancing patient outcomes and survival rates, especially in high-risk populations. Histopathological methods remain the gold standard for diagnosing melanoma because they offer precise staging and prognosis through in-depth cellular and molecular insights. There is great potential for increasing early detection and diagnostic precision through AI-based image analysis and digital pathology. The best method for detecting melanoma in its early stages is to combine regular monitoring with these cutting-edge histological methods. This will increase the probability of a favourable outcome and lower mortality in high-risk groups.
Keywords: Histopathological Techniques (HPT), Detecting Early Signs (DES), Melanoma (M), High-Risk Graphs (HRG).
